重新和重定向
注意：首先需要服务器安装和启用mod_rewrite模块。
强制 www
RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^example\.com [NC]RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://www.example.com/$1 [L,R=301,NC]
强制 www通用方法
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^$
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^www\. [NC]RewriteCond %{HTTPS}s ^on(s)|RewriteRule ^ http%1://www.%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]
这种方法可以使用在任何网站中。
强制 non-www
究竟是WWW好，还是non-www好，没有定论，如果你喜欢不带www的，可以使用下面的脚本：
RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www\.example\.com [NC]RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://example.com/$1 [L,R=301]
强制 non-www通用方法
RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www\.
RewriteCond %{HTTPS}s ^on(s)|off
RewriteCond http%1://%{HTTP_HOST} ^(https?://)(www\.)?(.+)$
RewriteRule ^ %1%3%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]
强制 HTTPS
RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{HTTPS} !on
RewriteRule (.*) https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI}# Note: It's also recommended to enable HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) # on your HTTPS website to help prevent man-in-the-middle attacks.# See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Security/HTTP_strict_transport_security<IfModule mod_headers.c>
Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains"</IfModule>
强制 HTTPS 通过代理
如果你使用了代理，这种方法对你很有用。
RewriteCond %{HTTP:X-Forwarded-Proto} !https
RewriteRule (.*) https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI}
强制添加末尾斜杠
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /+[^\.]+$
RewriteRule ^(.+[^/])$ %{REQUEST_URI}/ [R=301,L]
取掉末尾斜杠
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule ^(.*)/$ /$1 [R=301,L]
重定向到一个页面
Redirect 301 /oldpage.html http://www.example.com/newpage.html Redirect 301 /oldpage2.html http://www.example.com/folder/
目录别名
RewriteEngine On RewriteRule ^source-directory/(.*) target-directory/$1
脚本别名
FallbackResource /index.fcgi
This example has an index.fcgi file in some directory, and any requests within that directory that fail to resolve a filename/directory will be sent to the index.fcgi script. It’s good if you want baz.foo/some/cool/path to be handled by baz.foo/index.fcgi (which also supports requests to baz.foo) while maintaining baz.foo/css/style.css and the like. Get access to the original path from the PATH_INFO environment variable, as exposed to your scripting environment.
RewriteEngine On
RewriteRule ^$ index.fcgi/ [QSA,L]RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.fcgi/$1 [QSA,L]
This is a less efficient version of the FallbackResource directive (because usingmod_rewrite is more complex than just handling the FallbackResource directive), but it’s also more flexible.
重定向整个网站
Redirect 301 / http://newsite.com/
This way does it with links intact. That is www.oldsite.com/some/crazy/link.html will become www.newsite.com/some/crazy/link.html. This is extremely helpful when you are just “moving” a site to a new domain.
干净的URL
This snippet lets you use “clean” URLs — those without a PHP extension, e.g.example.com/users instead of example.com/users.php.
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule ^([^.]+)$ $1.php [NC,L]
Security
拒绝所有访问
## Apache 2.2Deny from all## Apache 2.4# Require all denied
But wait, this will lock you out from your content as well! Thus introducing…
拒绝所有访问(排除部分)
## Apache 2.2Order deny,allow Deny from all Allow from xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx## Apache 2.4# Require all denied# Require ip xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx is your IP. If you replace the last three digits with 0/12 for example, this will specify a range of IPs within the same network, thus saving you the trouble to list all allowed IPs separately.
屏蔽爬虫/恶意访问
## Apache 2.2Order deny,allow Allow from all Deny from xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx Deny from xxx.xxx.xxx.xxy## Apache 2.4# Require all granted# Require not ip xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx# Require not ip xxx.xxx.xxx.xxy
保护隐藏文件和目录
Hidden files and directories (those whose names start with a dot .) should most, if not all, of the time be secured. For example: .htaccess, .htpasswd, .git, .hg…
RewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} -d [OR]RewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} -f
RewriteRule "(^|/)\." - [F]
Alternatively, you can just raise a Not Found error, giving the attacker dude no clue:
RedirectMatch 404 /\..*$
保护备份文件和源代码文件
These files may be left by some text/html editors (like Vi/Vim) and pose a great security danger if exposed to public.
<FilesMatch "(\.(bak|config|dist|fla|inc|ini|log|psd|sh|sql|swp)|~)$"> ## Apache 2.2 Order allow,deny Deny from all Satisfy All ## Apache 2.4 # Require all denied</FilesMatch>
禁止目录浏览
Options All -Indexes
禁止图片盗链
RewriteEngine on# Remove the following line if you want to block blank referrer tooRewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^$
RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^http(s)?://(.+\.)?example.com [NC]RewriteRule \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|bmp)$ - [NC,F,L]# If you want to display a "blocked" banner in place of the hotlinked image, # replace the above rule with:# RewriteRule \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|bmp) http://example.com/blocked.png [R,L]
禁止图片盗链(指定域名)
Sometimes you want to 禁止图片盗链 from some bad guys only.
RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} ^http(s)?://(.+\.)?badsite\.com [NC,OR]RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} ^http(s)?://(.+\.)?badsite2\.com [NC,OR]RewriteRule \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif)$ - [NC,F,L]# If you want to display a "blocked" banner in place of the hotlinked image, # replace the above rule with:# RewriteRule \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|bmp) http://example.com/blocked.png [R,L]
密码保护目录
First you need to create a .htpasswd file somewhere in the system:
htpasswd -c /home/fellowship/.htpasswd boromir
Then you can use it for authentication:
AuthType Basic AuthName "One does not simply"AuthUserFile /home/fellowship/.htpasswd Require valid-user
密码保护文件
AuthName "One still does not simply"AuthType Basic AuthUserFile /home/fellowship/.htpasswd<Files "one-ring.o">Require valid-user</Files><FilesMatch ^((one|two|three)-rings?\.o)$>Require valid-user</FilesMatch>
通过Referrer过滤访客
This denies access for all users who are coming from (referred by) a specific domain.
RewriteEngine on# Options +FollowSymlinksRewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} somedomain\.com [NC,OR]RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} anotherdomain\.com
RewriteRule .* - [F]
防止被别的网页嵌套
This prevents the website to be framed (i.e. put into an iframe tag), when still allows framing for a specific URI.
SetEnvIf Request_URI "/starry-night" allow_framing=true Header set X-Frame-Options SAMEORIGIN env=!allow_framing
Performance
压缩文件
<IfModule mod_deflate.c>
# 强制 compression for mangled headers.
# http://developer.yahoo.com/blogs/ydn/posts/2010/12/pushing-beyond-gzipping
<IfModule mod_setenvif.c>
<IfModule mod_headers.c>
SetEnvIfNoCase ^(Accept-EncodXng|X-cept-Encoding|X{15}|~{15}|-{15})$ ^((gzip|deflate)\s*,?\s*)+|[X~-]{4,13}$ HAVE_Accept-Encoding
RequestHeader append Accept-Encoding "gzip,deflate" env=HAVE_Accept-Encoding </IfModule>
</IfModule>
# Compress all output labeled with one of the following MIME-types
# (for Apache versions below 2.3.7, you don't need to enable `mod_filter`
# and can remove the `<IfModule mod_filter.c>` and `</IfModule>` lines
# as `AddOutputFilterByType` is still in the core directives).
<IfModule mod_filter.c>
AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/atom+xml \
application/javascript \
application/json \
application/rss+xml \
application/vnd.ms-fontobject \
application/x-font-ttf \
application/x-web-app-manifest+json \
application/xhtml+xml \
application/xml \
font/opentype \
image/svg+xml \
image/x-icon \
text/css \
text/html \
text/plain \
text/x-component \
text/xml </IfModule></IfModule>
设置过期头信息
Expires headers tell the browser whether they should request a specific file from the server or just grab it from the cache. It is advisable to set static content’s expires headers to something far in the future.
If you don’t control versioning with filename-based cache busting, consider lowering the cache time for resources like CSS and JS to something like 1 week.
<IfModule mod_expires.c> ExpiresActive on ExpiresDefault "access plus 1 month" # CSS ExpiresByType text/css "access plus 1 year" # Data interchange ExpiresByType application/json "access plus 0 seconds" ExpiresByType application/xml "access plus 0 seconds" ExpiresByType text/xml "access plus 0 seconds" # Favicon (cannot be renamed!) ExpiresByType image/x-icon "access plus 1 week" # HTML components (HTCs) ExpiresByType text/x-component "access plus 1 month" # HTML ExpiresByType text/html "access plus 0 seconds" # JavaScript ExpiresByType application/javascript "access plus 1 year" # Manifest files ExpiresByType application/x-web-app-manifest+json "access plus 0 seconds" ExpiresByType text/cache-manifest "access plus 0 seconds" # Media ExpiresByType audio/ogg "access plus 1 month" ExpiresByType image/gif "access plus 1 month" ExpiresByType image/jpeg "access plus 1 month" ExpiresByType image/png "access plus 1 month" ExpiresByType video/mp4 "access plus 1 month" ExpiresByType video/ogg "access plus 1 month" ExpiresByType video/webm "access plus 1 month" # Web feeds ExpiresByType application/atom+xml "access plus 1 hour" ExpiresByType application/rss+xml "access plus 1 hour" # Web fonts ExpiresByType application/font-woff2 "access plus 1 month" ExpiresByType application/font-woff "access plus 1 month" ExpiresByType application/vnd.ms-fontobject "access plus 1 month" ExpiresByType application/x-font-ttf "access plus 1 month" ExpiresByType font/opentype "access plus 1 month" ExpiresByType image/svg+xml "access plus 1 month"</IfModule>
关闭eTags标志
By removing the ETag header, you disable caches and browsers from being able to validate files, so they are forced to rely on your Cache-Control and Expires header.
<IfModule mod_headers.c> Header unset ETag</IfModule>FileETag None
Miscellaneous
设置PHP变量
php_value <key> <val># For example:php_value upload_max_filesize 50M php_value max_execution_time 240
Custom Error Pages
ErrorDocument 500 "Houston, we have a problem."ErrorDocument 401 http://error.example.com/mordor.html ErrorDocument 404 /errors/halflife3.html
强制下载
Sometimes you want to 强制 the browser to download some content instead of displaying it.
<Files *.md> ForceType application/octet-stream Header set Content-Disposition attachment</Files>
Now there is a yang to this yin:
阻止下载
Sometimes you want to 强制 the browser to display some content instead of downloading it.
<FilesMatch "\.(tex|log|aux)$"> Header set Content-Type text/plain</FilesMatch>
运行跨域字体引用
CDN-served webfonts might not work in Firefox or IE due to CORS. This snippet solves the problem.
<IfModule mod_headers.c> <FilesMatch "\.(eot|otf|ttc|ttf|woff|woff2)$"> Header set Access-Control-Allow-Origin "*" </FilesMatch></IfModule>
Auto UTF-8 Encode
Your text content should always be UTF-8 encoded, no?
# Use UTF-8 encoding for anything served text/plain or text/htmlAddDefaultCharset utf-8# 强制 UTF-8 for a number of file formatsAddCharset utf-8 .atom .css .js .json .rss .vtt .xml
切换PHP版本
If you’re on a shared host, chances are there are more than one version of PHP installed, and sometimes you want a specific version for your website. For example,Laravel requires PHP >= 5.4. The following snippet should switch the PHP version for you.
AddHandler application/x-httpd-php55 .php# Alternatively, you can use AddTypeAddType application/x-httpd-php55 .php
禁止IE兼容视图
Compatibility View in IE may affect how some websites are displayed. The following snippet should 强制 IE to use the Edge Rendering Engine and disable the Compatibility View.
<IfModule mod_headers.c> BrowserMatch MSIE is-msie Header set X-UA-Compatible IE=edge env=is-msie</IfModule>
支持WebP图片格式
If WebP images are supported and an image with a .webp extension and the same name is found at the same place as the jpg/png image that is going to be served, then the WebP image is served instead.
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTP_ACCEPT} image/webp
RewriteCond %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/$1.webp -f
RewriteRule (.+)\.(jpe?g|png)$ $1.webp [T=image/webp,E=accept:1]
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